Cold sores 101: What they are and who gets them
Dealing with cold sores
A tingle on your lip, a small bump, and suddenly a cold sore appears. If this sounds familiar, you’re not alone. Cold sores are a very common condition that can be uncomfortable, but with the right care, they’re usually manageable.
Cold sores are typically caused by the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). Once you get the virus, it stays in your body for life and can reactivate later. This is why some people get repeated outbreaks.
Cold sores tend to flare up when the immune system is overwhelmed. Common triggers include:
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Fatigue or lack of sleep -
Stress or illness
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Hormonal changes
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Sun or wind exposure
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Weakened immune system
When someone has an active cold sore, the virus is very contagious and spreads easily through close contact such as kissing, sharing drinks or utensils, or using someone's toothbrush or lip balm. However, the virus is not contagious when sores are dormant.
50-80% of adults in the U.S. carry the HSV-1 virus.1
What are the oral health risks?
Cold sores usually heal on their own in around two to three weeks. But if they aren’t managed carefully, the virus can spread to the inside of the mouth. This can potentially lead to painful sores on the gums, tongue, or cheeks.
Repeated outbreaks can also make eating, drinking, or brushing teeth uncomfortable, which may lead to poor oral hygiene and nutritional deficiencies.
When to see a doctor or dentist
Most cold sores heal on their own and don’t require medical care, but it’s important to seek professional help if you notice:
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Sores that don’t heal after two weeks
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Frequent outbreaks
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Swelling, fever, or unexpected pain
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Eye irritation
Doctors or dentists can confirm the diagnosis and may prescribe stronger medications if needed.
How cold sores are treated
There’s no cure for HSV-1, but treatments can shorten outbreaks and reduce discomfort. Options include:
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Antiviral creams or ointments: These can speed healing if used early.
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Oral antiviral medicines: Prescribed for frequent or severe outbreaks.
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Home care: Applying a cool compress, avoiding acidic or salty foods, and using over-the-counter pain relievers can ease symptoms.
Protecting your eyes from HSV-1
HSV-1 from an active cold sore can also infect the eyes if the virus is spread by touch. This condition, called ocular herpes, may cause redness, pain, blurred vision, or sensitivity to light. Severe cases can even lead to scarring of the cornea and vision loss. If you ever notice eye irritation while you have a cold sore, see a doctor right away.
Living with cold sores
Cold sores can be frustrating, but they don’t have to disrupt your life. Learn your triggers, practice good hygiene, and protect your lips from the elements to reduce outbreaks and keep your smile healthy.
1Oral Herpes. (n.d.) from https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/herpes-hsv1-and-hsv2/oral-herpes
